MeerKLASS олон улсын судалгааны баг 21 см-ийн долгионы эрчимд суурилсан аргачлалаар сансрын устөрөгчийн бүтцийг анх удаа шууд хэмжих амжилтад хүрлээ.
Эрдэмтэд олон арван жилийн турш орчлон ертөнцийн том хэмжээний бүтцийг зураглах, ялангуяа “Сансрын харанхуй эрин” буюу Их тэсрэлтийн дараах эхний хэдэн зуун сая жилд од, галактикуудын үндэс суурь болж байсан төвийг сахисан устөрөгчийн тархалтыг судлахыг зорьж ирсэн. Өнөөдөр орчлон ертөнцөд хамгийн элбэг тохиолддог энэхүү элементийг судлах нь сансрын сүлжээний бүтэцтэй хэрхэн нийцэж байгааг тодорхойлоход чухал ач холбогдолтой юм. MeerKLASS (MeerKAT Large Area Synoptic Survey) хамтын ажиллагааны хүрээнд одон орон судлаачид MeerKAT радио телескопыг ашиглан 250 орчим хавтгай дөрвөлжин градус огторгуйн бүсэд ажиглалт хийжээ.
Энэхүү хэмжилтийг хийхийн тулд багийнхан MeerKAT-ын 64 антенныг нэгтгэн интерферометр болгохын оронд тус бүрийг нь бие даасан телескоп болгон ашиглах шинэлэг аргыг хэрэгжүүлсэн байна. Ингэснээр өнцгийн нарийвчлалыг багасгахын оронд ажиглалтын хурдыг эрс нэмэгдүүлж, устөрөгчийн сул дохиог сансрын бусад шуугианаас ялган авах боломж бүрджээ. Судлаачид 4.5 тэрбум жилийн өмнөх (Их тэсрэлтээс 9 тэрбум жилийн дараах) устөрөгчийн дохиог илрүүлж, тэдгээрийг хооронд нь харьцуулах замаар багажийн гажуудлыг арилган, сансрын устөрөгчийн бүтцийг баталгаажуулсан байна.
Доктор Стивен Каннингтоны удирдсан энэхүү судалгааны үр дүн нь сансрын устөрөгч нь сансрын сүлжээний том хэмжээний бүтэцтэй яг таарч байгааг харууллаа. Энэхүү амжилт нь орчлон ертөнцийн тэлэлтийн хурд буюу Хаббл-Лемэйтрийн тогтмол, харанхуй энерги болон харанхуй материйн тархалтыг тодорхойлоход чухал ахиц болно гэж эрдэмтэд үзэж байна. Профессор Марио Сантосын онцолсноор, энэ нь 21 см-ийн долгионы эрчмийг зураглах аргыг сансар судлалын шинэ хэрэгсэл болгон бэхжүүлж буй томоохон үйл явдал бөгөөд олон улсын олон жилийн хамтын ажиллагааны үр дүн юм.
Дэлгэрэнгүйг эх сурвалжаас харах
Эх сурвалжийг нээх ↓
Advances in computing and astronomy have led to increasingly complex attempts to chart the large-scale structure of the Universe. For the past decade, scientists have been working to map one aspect in particular to see whether it matches observations of the cosmic web: cosmic hydrogen. For the first few hundred million years after the Big Bang, neutral hydrogen was the only element in the Universe (known as the “Cosmic Dark Ages“) and provided the feedstock for stars, galaxies, and the cosmic web.
Today, it remains the most abundant element in the Universe and can be found everywhere – the interstellar medium (ISM) and the intergalactic medium (IGM) – in abundance. For the past decade, scientists with the MeerKLASS Collaboration have been trying to measure how neutral hydrogen “clumps” in the distant Universe. In a study published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS), the team announced the first direct measurement of the large-scale structure of cosmic hydrogen.
The MeerKLASS (MeerKAT Large Area Synoptic Survey) Collaboration is an international group of astronomers conducting cosmological surveys using the MeerKAT radio telescope. Their survey relies on a technique known as HI intensity (or 21-cm intensity) mapping to detect the combined emissions of galaxies within large segments of the sky. This enables the creation of 3D maps of the cosmos that show the distribution of matter (gas, dust, stars, galaxies, clusters, etc.) in the cosmic web.
Members of the MeerKLASS collaboration at their biannual ‘Busy Week’ meeting, hosted at the University of Torino in September 2025. Credit: SARAO
This is no easy task, since the 21-cm signal must be extracted from all the other emissions of the Universe (the “foreground noise”), which are about 10,000 times stronger than the hydrogen signal itself. To accomplish this, the team chose to operate each dish in the array as an independent telescope, rather than combining all 64 dishes into a single interferometer. This was an entirely new observation mode for MeerKAT that traded sharp angular resolution for very high survey speed.
For their survey, the team analyzed data collected by the MeerKAT array across ~250 square degrees of sky. This enabled the detection of a neutral hydrogen signal that originated 4.5 billion years ago (or 9 billion years after the Big Bang). The team’s measurements produced many independent maps from different dishes and observing times. These were then cross-compared to suppress individual instrument effects and reinforce the structure of cosmic hydrogen.
Their results showed that cosmic hydrogen mirrors the large-scale structure of the cosmic web, advancing a technique that could transform how cosmologists map the Universe. Dr Steven Cunnington, a Senior Research Fellow at Purdue University’s Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, led the development of the analysis pipeline that enabled the mapping of cosmic hydrogen. Since 2015, he has also co-led one of the working groups within the MeerKLASS Collaboration.
As he expressed in a University of Portsmouth release:
This result feels particularly special because it’s the culmination of a journey that began when I started my PhD at Portsmouth over a decade ago. I am now fortunate to be part of a much wider international collaboration sharing this common goal. Many of the challenges addressed in this work have shaped my own research career, so seeing our team deliver this measurement is a remarkable milestone to witness.
This slice of the DESI data maps celestial objects from Earth (center) to billions of light-years away, showing nearby bright galaxies (yellow), luminous red galaxies (orange), emission-line galaxies (blue), and quasars (green). Credit: DESI Collaboration/DOE/KPNO/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/C. Lamman
This information can be used to constrain the most pressing cosmological measurements facing scientists today. This includes the expansion rate of the cosmos (the Hubble-Lemaître Constant), the influence of Dark Energy, and the distribution of Dark Matter. Said Professor Mário Santos, Principal Investigator of the MeerKLASS survey at the University of the Western Cape:
This is a milestone in establishing 21-cm intensity mapping as a novel tool for cosmology. This measurement took a decade of patient work by researchers spread across seven countries and three continents – and many of them are early-career scientists who have spent their whole career on this project. Such an ambitious result requires sustained and genuine teamwork from many people. And none of it would exist without the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory, which built and operates MeerKAT and helped sort out the many challenges with this survey along the way. It is a reminder that science at this level is a large collaborative effort.
Further Reading: University of Portsmouth
