Дижитал технологийн тусламжтайгаар 5000 жилийн тэртээх Египетийн хатан хаан Меретнейтийн эрх мэдлийн талаарх шинэ баримтуудыг илрүүлжээ.
Археологич Уильям Б. Эмери 1940-өөд онд Саккара дахь булшны амнаас 13 ширхэг шавар лац олсон бөгөөд тэдгээрт Египетийн удирдагчийн нэрийг илэрхийлэх “серех” хэмээх тэмдэгтүүд байжээ. Тухайн үед эдгээр тэмдэгтүүд нь хаан Жер болон Меретнейт гэх эмэгтэйд хамааралтай болохыг тогтоосон ч гэрэл зургийн чанар муу байсан тул олон эрдэмтэн үүнийг эргэлзээтэй гэж үзэж байв. Өдгөө эдгээр олдвор алга болсон тул Маккуори их сургуулийн судлаачид 1954 онд авсан хар цагаан гэрэл зургийг орчин үеийн дижитал аргаар сайжруулан шинжилжээ.
Судалгааны үр дүнд, лац дээрх бичээсүүд нь Меретнейтийн нэрийг Египетийн хаадын адил хүндэтгэлтэйгээр бичсэнийг баталсан байна. Меретнейт нь хаан Жер-тэй хамт төр барьж байсан эсвэл хүү Ден хааныг насанд хүрээгүй байхад нь захирагчаар ажиллаж байсан байж болзошгүй гэж судлаачид үзэв. Тэрээр “хааны эх” гэх цолтой байсан бөгөөд сан хөмрөг зэрэг төрийн чухал салбаруудыг удирдаж байсан нь түүнийг тухайн үеийн Египетийн улс төрд нөлөө бүхий удирдагч байсныг илтгэж байна.
Гэсэн хэдий ч энэхүү дүгнэлтийн талаар эрдэмтдийн дунд маргаан байсаар байна. Берлиний Хумбольдтын их сургуулийн түүхч Эва-Мария Энгель уг гэрэл зургийг шинжлээд, лац дээр зөвхөн хаан Жер-ийн нэр л байна гэж үзэж байгаа юм. Хэдийгээр Меретнейтийн нэр бичигдээгүй байж болох ч түүний булшны хэмжээ, бүтэц нь хаадынхтай ижил байсан нь түүнийг Египетийн түүхэнд онцгой байр суурь эзэлж байсныг дахин нотолж байна.
Дэлгэрэнгүйг эх сурвалжаас харах
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A new analysis of a decades-old photo is revealing new details about a powerful woman who ruled Egypt 5,000 years ago, a new study finds.
The woman, named Meretneith (also spelled Merneith or Meret-Neith), reigned during the first dynasty, a time not long after Egypt was united under a single ruler, according to the new research. The study, published in the September issue of the journal Prague Egyptological Studies, enhanced an old photo of a now lost artifact revealing that Meretneith’s name was written in a way reserved for a ruler for Egypt.
The finding was more than 70 years in the making. In the 1940s, archaeologist William B. Emery found 13 mud stoppers, or seals that identify an object’s owner, around the mouth of a tomb shaft at Saqqara. Each contained a series of four serekhs — a series of signs that gave the name of a ruler of Egypt. He identified two of the serekhs as belonging to a king named Djer and suggested that the other two belonged to a woman named Meretneith.
The presence of Meretneith’s name in the serekhs indicates that she was a ruler of Egypt, he said. In a 1954 journal article, he published a black-and-white photograph of one of the mud stoppers. However, the poor quality of the photo meant many scholars were unconvinced.
Further complicating the investigation, all 13 of the mud stoppers, as well as the photograph’s original glass plate, have gone missing since the excavations. Their whereabouts are “unknown,” Susan Kelly, an Egyptology researcher at Macquarie University in Australia and co-author of the new paper, told Live Science in an email.
This leaves only the black-and-white photograph. In the new study, Kelly and Crystal Miller, a technician at the same university who is now getting a master’s degree in bioarchaeology, used a series of complex techniques to create digital enhancements of the photo that elucidated more details of the serekhs.
“Our technique has revealed that in the second and third serekhs, the signs in the name portion of the emblem are consistent with the main sign used to write Meretneith’s name” Kelly wrote in an article for The Conversation.
The “king’s mother”
Meretneith’s role would not have been the same as her male counterparts’. Inscriptions of her found at different sites do not use the serekh, but they do accord her titles such as “king’s mother” or name her as being in charge of important departments, such as the treasury, Kelly and Miller wrote in their paper.
“Meretneith may have had the advantage of stepping on and off the rulership platform as necessitated by the political environment,” they added, unlike male rulers who succeeded, reigned, died, and were buried by their successors.” When necessary she could become the ruler, and when a male family member was able to rule, she could be a powerful royal family member who assisted the ruler. Her son King Den might have been the one to bury her.
The evidence suggests that she was a joint ruler with a man named Djer. We don’t know for sure who Djer was, but he may have been her father, Kelly told Live Science in an email. She also may have acted as a regent for her son Den when he was too young to rule alone.
After her death, she was given a tomb of a similar size and construction to that of a ruler, excavations from 2023 suggest.
However, Eva-Maria Engel, a historian at the Humboldt University of Berlin who was not involved in the new study, disputed some of the study’s findings. She studied the photograph enhancements published in the paper but doesn’t think Meretneith is among the names in the serekhs. From the enhancements, it appears that “the seal only mentions the name of King Djer and that Meretneith is not mentioned at all,” Engel told Live Science in an email.
That doesn’t mean Meretneith wasn’t powerful, however. Engel noted that Meretneith “had a tomb among the earlier and later kings,” with inscriptions found at other sites indicating that she acted on behalf of her son, King Den, when he was too young to effectively rule.
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