Дэлхий дахинаа мангр ой моддын сэргэлт эхэлжээ

Сансрын хиймэл дагуулын мэдээлэлд үндэслэн хийсэн шинэ судалгаагаар дэлхийн мангр ой моддын талбай 2010 оноос хойш санаанд оромгүй байдлаар нэмэгдэж, нөхөн сэргэж эхэлснийг тогтоожээ.

1970-аад оноос хойш Landsat хиймэл дагуулын тусламжтайгаар мангр ой моддыг ажиглаж ирсэн бөгөөд олон арван жилийн турш эдгээр экосистем тасралтгүй хорогдож байв. Гэвч “Science” сэтгүүлд нийтлэгдсэн судалгаанаас үзэхэд, 1984-2010 оны хооронд 3000 орчим хавтгай дөрвөлжин км талбайг алдсаны дараа 2010 оноос хойш 2000 орчим хавтгай дөрвөлжин км талбайгаар нэмэгджээ. Ой модны энэхүү сэргэлт нь Ази, Австрали, Өмнөд Америк тивүүдэд илүү тод ажиглагдсан байна.

Тулейн их сургуулийн байгаль орчны судлаач Жен Жан (Zhen Zhang)-ийн тайлбарласнаар, энэхүү өсөлтийн гуравны хоёр нь мангр мод шинэ газар нутаг руу тархан ургасантай, үлдсэн хэсэг нь доройтсон газруудад нөхөн сэргээлт хийсэнтэй холбоотой ажээ. Ялангуяа Зүүн өмнөд Ази, тэр дундаа Мьянмар улсад 2004 оны Энэтхэгийн далайн цунамийн дараа байгаль орчны асуудалд анхаарал хандуулж, хууль эрх зүйн хамгаалалтыг чангатгасны үр дүнд мангр ойн талбай 10 хувиар өссөн байна.

Мангр мод нь дунджаар 13 метр өндөр боловч экосистемийн хувьд асар их ач холбогдолтой юм. Эдгээр ой нь халуун орны бусад ойгоос дөрөв дахин их нүүрстөрөгч хуримтлуулж, эргийн бүс нутгийг элэгдэл болон шуурганаас хамгаалах чухал үүрэг гүйцэтгэдэг. Түүнчлэн тэдний үндэс нь загас, хавч, сам хорхой зэрэг далайн амьтдын үржлийн гол орчин болдог байна.

Хэдийгээр дэлхий дахинд эерэг өөрчлөлт гарч байгаа ч зарим бүс нутагт, тухайлбал Нигерийн дельт болон Африкийн төв хэсэгт мангр ойн хорогдол үргэлжилсээр байна. Судлаачид мангр моддын сэргэлт нь сайшаалтай хэдий ч ойг устгах үйл ажиллагааг зогсоох, хамгааллын ажлыг тасралтгүй үргэлжлүүлэх нь нэн чухал болохыг анхааруулж байна.

Дэлгэрэнгүйг эх сурвалжаас харах

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Дэлхий дахинаа мангр ой моддын сэргэлт эхэлжээ

2010

2026

NASA Earth Observatory/Michala Garrison

In 2026, the same area shows mangrove forests have expanded in several places along the coast, while the adjacent tan farmland has shrunk.

NASA Earth Observatory/Michala Garrison

2010

2026

Mangroves have replaced rice fields in parts of Burma’s Myeik District. The TM (Thematic Mapper) on Landsat 5 captured the image on the left on February 14, 2010, and the OLI on Landsat 9 captured the image on the right on February 2, 2026.
NASA Earth Observatory images by Michala Garrison.

Scientists began using satellites to map mangrove forests in the 1970s after the launch of the first Landsat satellite. For decades, the story they told about mangroves was dominated by loss and decline. Research published in Science suggests that the tide has turned.

A global rebound began around 2010, the scientists found, led by the expansion of mangrove forests in Asia, Australia, and South America. The researchers analyzed Landsat imagery collected between 1984 and 2023, looking for signs of changes in the extent and density of mangrove canopy.

They tallied losses of nearly 3,000 square kilometers (1,200 square miles) between 1984 and 2010, followed by an unexpected increase of nearly 2,000 square kilometers (770 square miles) of mangroves after 2010. They also found that many of today’s mangrove forests have denser, more closed canopies than they did in 2010, a sign of healthier, less degraded forests, particularly in South America.

“Other research groups have mapped and analyzed long-term changes in select regions, but these are the first global mangrove maps that cover such a long period,” said Zhen Zhang, an environmental scientist at Tulane University. “About two-thirds of the expansion was due to mangroves colonizing new areas and the other third due to restoration and regrowth in degraded areas,” he added.

One of the most notable reversals occurred in Southeast Asia—especially Burma (Myanmar). The country lost mangroves rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s due to the expansion of agriculture, aquaculture, and firewood harvesting in coastal areas, but the trend reversed around 2010, when mangrove area began expanding in many places. The authors attribute the turnaround to increased awareness and restoration efforts after the devastating Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004, strengthened legal protections for forests, and high rates of sedimentation that opened up new mudflats for colonization.

The pair of Landsat images above shows expansion of mangrove forests in Palaw Township in Burma’s Myeik District—an area that has seen both significant regeneration of degraded mangrove forests and the spread of trees into new areas since 2010. In this region, much of the regeneration appears to be occurring in abandoned rice fields (brown) south of the village of Kyauktaung. People on nearby Pyin Bukyi Island, meanwhile, have experimented with conservation projects and tree planting efforts to support mangroves. Despite the gains, deforestation remains a common challenge in Burma, which lost 28.6 percent of its mangrove area between the 1980s and 2010. Since then, the country’s mangrove area has grown about 10 percent.

Mangrove trees are relatively small—averaging about 13 meters (43 feet)—but mighty from an ecological perspective, with mangrove ecosystems storing up to four times as much carbon as taller inland tropical forests. The trees play an important role in protecting coastal communities from erosion and storm surges, and their distinctive stilt-like roots provide habitat and vital nursery grounds for fish, shrimp, crabs, and other marine life.

In several areas, such as around the mouth of the Amazon River and in northern Australia, extensive deposition of sediment has created new mudflats that mangroves have successfully colonized, contributing to steady increases in each of these regions since the 1990s. At the northern and southern edges of their range, including the southeastern U.S., warming temperatures and fewer freezes have also allowed mangroves to push into areas that were previously too cold, Zhang explained.

There are some areas, however, where losses have outweighed gains. Substantial mangrove losses in the Niger Delta, for instance, have reduced the total mangrove area in West and Central Africa since 2010. North America and southern Africa, meanwhile, have seen widespread degradation after tropical cyclones devastated broad swaths of mangroves. “The global successes we’ve seen with mangroves during the past decade should not be seen as grounds for complacency,” cautioned Zhang. “This underscores that conservation and slowing deforestation can lead to huge positive impacts when coupled with natural expansion and regeneration.”

NASA Earth Observatory images by Michala Garrison, using Landsat data from theU.S. Geological Survey. Story by Adam Voiland.